os.path.join (folder, filename) ensures the path is correct for the system. On Windows, it uses backslashes (reports\summary.txt); on Linux and macOS it uses forward slashes (reports/summary.txt).

pandas is a Python module that's popular in data science and data analysis. It's offers a way to organize data into ...

This article is adapted from an edition of our Off the Charts newsletter originally published in October 2021. Off the Charts is a weekly, subscriber-only guide to The Economist’s award-winning data ...